3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles

3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles 3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles 3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles By Mark Nichol In every one of the accompanying sentences, absence of an article (an, and, or the) brings about a syntactically defective sentence. Conversation after every model, trailed by a correction, recognizes the issue. 1. In 2006, The Simpsons TV program paid tribute to the 1974 Oakland A’s in a scene. The primary case of the article the, as a component of a structure title, can't carry out twofold responsibility as an article that plays out a syntactic capacity in the sentence, and the announcement must be reconsidered with the goal that it incorporates such an article: â€Å"In 2006, a scene of the TV program The Simpsons paid tribute to the 1974 Oakland A’s.† (However, on the off chance that â€Å"television show† were overlooked from the first sentence, no further amendment would be fundamental.) 2. During our conversation, we’ll hear bits of knowledge from a CFO, venture broker, and others. â€Å"Chief money related officer† requires the article that goes before it, while the plural pronoun others needn't bother with one. Yet, â€Å"investment banker† is abandoned; it can't share the article that goes before the main thing in the rundown: â€Å"During our conversation, we’ll hear bits of knowledge from a CFO, a venture financier, and others.† (Even if a particular assignment were to supplant others, an article would need to go before every thing: â€Å"During our conversation, we’ll hear bits of knowledge from a CFO, speculation broker, and boss hazard officer† infers that one individual with three jobs, as opposed to three individuals who each have one job, is being recognized.) 3. Live Nation purchased a dominant part stake in Austin City Limits Music Festival, Bonnaroo, BottleRock, Lollapalooza, Governor’s Ball, and Electric Daisy Carnival. Here, a portion of the recorded occasion names don't require an article, however those that end with a word portraying a kind of occasion do: â€Å"Live Nation purchased a larger part stake in the Austin City Limits Music Festival, Bonnaroo, BottleRock, Lollapalooza, the Governors Ball, and the Electric Daisy Carnival.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Cost-Effective versus Cost-EfficientHow to spell in lieu ofTypes of Plots

Building Tension Skills For Crafting Suspense In Your Story - Freewrite Store

Building Tension Skills For Crafting Suspense In Your Story - Freewrite Store Acing your art as an essayist - particularly as a fiction author - can take years. That’s the terrible news. Fortunately you can be proactive in getting to holds with the abilities and methods you have to take your composition from unremarkable to amazing. One of the most essential aptitudes you have to appreciate is that of making strain (or anticipation) in your accounts. Why Suspense Matters Anticipation is a fundamental fixing in fiction. It’s what keeps your perusers turning the page long after they’ve pronounced that they’ll ‘read only one more page before I put the light out’. Without pressure and tension, your story is level and inert. At the point when I previously began as a self-declared fiction essayist, I didn’t comprehend anticipation by any stretch of the imagination. I felt that tension fiction was a type the entirety of its own, thus I didn’t acknowledge that it was so imperative to my accounts. Anticipation matters. You can’t compose an incredible story without it. Shockingly, composing scenes loaded with anticipation and pressure can be dubious. You need to find out about the correct equalization (also called pacing) and comprehend the various procedures you can use to make strain. Creators who depend a lot on only a couple of strain building procedures experience the ill effects of the tragic issue of making ‘predictable tension’. You may pull off that in one book, however in the event that you fabricate an after of fans, you’ll before long find that they get shrewd to your anticipated strain methods, so your composing loses quite a bit of its tension. You need to keep your perusers grasped, which implies you need an entire arms stockpile of pressure strategies that you can stir up in your composition to stay away from the passing ring of consistency. I’m going to show you three basic anticipation aptitudes you have to compose unputdownable fiction. #1. Make Crucial Conflict Strife is one of the key elements of intense composition. Struggle consequently makes strain in scenes, so normally, it’s an author’s closest companion. What makes strife much progressively significant is its adaptability. There are various kinds of contention as well. For instance: Character versus nature (for example at the point when a character faces a cataclysmic event) Character versus self (for example a character who has an interior battle to manage) Character versus society (for example characters set in opposition to a harsh government system, or a character that’s part of a minority bunch who battles with underestimation) Character versus character - social sort (for example pathetic love or a show inside a family) Character versus character - legend/scoundrel type (for example the conventional hero versus trouble maker circumstance) Character versus innovation (for example sci-fi situations where innovation is the foe) Character versus the heavenly (for example situations where characters are confronted with fights against predictions about their own destiny) As should be obvious from this rundown of contention types, struggle in fiction is constantly established in characters - the contention is between the character and something different. On the off chance that you attempt to make struggle by some other methods, your story will crash and burn, tragically. At its heart, struggle is tied in with something keeping your character(s) from their objectives. That implies that you have to know - and clarify to your perusers - what your characters’ objectives are. Without this central initial step, you can’t make the pressure you have to make a grasping story. Invest some energy conceptualizing your character’s objectives and the kinds of contention that may shield them from accomplishing those objectives. Choose a few situations from your meeting to generate new ideas and compose a scene for every where your character is set in opposition to the strict or metaphorical foe to their objective. Making strife is an ability you have to rehearse until it turns into a programmed piece of composing. Don’t simply practice when you’re composing your novel, either. Sharpening your art as an author implies investing energy building up your abilities before you plunk down to compose your perfect work of art. Here’s a few prompts you should attempt: Davy is going to go out and set out traveling when a sudden visitor arrives†¦ Allison has arranged the discourse she’s going to make to part ways with Drew, however at that point, similarly as she’s going to open her mouth, Drew gets down on one knee and proposes†¦ Craig has recently acknowledged a spot at CalTec when a report breaks that undermines his whole future†¦ Becca is climbing in the mountains alone, attempting to grapple with something that’s occurred, when a savage tempest startlingly hits. #2. Up the ante You know your characters, you know their objectives - yet your objective as an essayist is to shield your characters from accomplishing their objectives (at any rate until you’re prepared for the peak of your story). One thing that frightened me when I began composing full time was the amount I came to feel for my heroes, to such an extent that I felt awful for setting them in opposition to such a significant number of snags to keep them from their objectives. You can’t stand to let wistfulness hinder your pressure making aptitudes. I discovered that the most difficult way possible. One of the best methods of making strain in your composing is to continue upping the ante. This implies the more your characters battle against the things contradicting their objectives, the further away they appear from accomplishing their objectives. There’s a scope of ways you can up the ante in your novel - yet before you get to composing your story seriously, have a go at rehearsing these distinctive stake-raising procedures: The Ticking Clock Nothing ups the ante in excess of a period limit. Practically speaking, that implies that you give your character an objective that must be accomplished in a specific time allotment. The motivation behind why the cutoff is there is up to you. At the point when you utilize this procedure, each time your character makes a bombed endeavor to conquer the snag in their manner, the more mindful the peruser happens to how brief period is left. It keeps your perusers held. The Fun-House Floor In the event that you’ve never been in a fun-house, this won’t mean anything to you, so I’ll clarify. In a fun-house there is frequently a segment comprised of stages that go here and there and side to side, making it extremely hard to cross to the opposite side. In fiction, the fun-house floor procedure presents change and vulnerability for your character, unbalancing them and making them (and your peruser) wonder how to push ahead. There’s a lot of things you can acquaint with make vulnerability - the demise of a friend or family member, the disclosure of a mystery, the passing of a vocation. The Shock Revelation To utilize this strategy adequately, you have to get anticipating (you can look at my manual for utilizing hinting on the off chance that you need to catch up on those abilities). Making a stun disclosure is an extraordinary method of upping the ante - as long as you guarantee that it’s a disclosure that here and there keeps your character from their objectives. You can’t simply dump a stun disclosure into your story, be that as it may. It should be set up (utilizing portending - however cautiously) with the goal that your perusers get the ‘ah-ha’ second. Hurling in a disclosure that you haven’t indicated unobtrusively at utilizing portending isn’t going to fulfill your perusers. It very well may be a stun to your character, yet your perusers may as of now have their doubts. Working on Raising the Stakes Utilize these prompts to rehearse your stake-raising abilities: Amelia’s nephew has disappeared while she was dealing with him, and his folks are expected home in 36 hours†¦ The cutoff time is in three days... Juan has only 24 hours to accumulate proof to demonstrate that his accomplice is honest of the murder†¦ Carrie gets a mysterious letter with the words â€Å"I recognize what you did† on it... Ethan’s mystery is out†¦ Michael’s uncle bites the dust suddenly†¦ Stefan has quite recently paid the store on his apartment suite when his manager fires him... #3. Accomplice Tension With Pacing At the point when I understood that my fiction was missing strain, I kinda went to the outrageous with it, and attempted to toss pressure into each scene, each discussion, each second my characters took to think†¦ It wasn’t lovely. It was the exact inverse of lovely. When you’re working with strain and tension, you have to have an equalization. That’s where pacing comes in. Pacing gives your characters (and your perusers) time to inhale between serious scenes loaded up with pressure. You can’t have your character going from pressure filled-scene to strain filled-scene without having a ‘normality’ in the middle. That’s not how genuine functions, and it doesn’t work in fiction, either. Understanding pacing makes a progressively reasonable stream to your fiction, which is the reason it’s significant you figure out how to pace your writing in corresponding with strain. There are two sorts of pacing - quick pacing and moderate pacing. Let’s investigate them and perceive how you can accomplice pacing with strain for fantastic fiction. Quick Pacing Basically, quick pacing is the place a large portion of your strain lives. These scenes convey desperation and invest less energy in pointless subtleties. When you’re composing these sorts of scenes, you need your composition to be punchy to mirror the pace. This isn't the spot for long depictions or clarifications. Quick pacing works by building pressure to a crescendo. These are the scenes that will keep your peruser direly turning the pages to discover what occurs. Slow Pacing To give your character a breather, slow pacing after an especially tense scene works truly well. Here’s where you can foc

Cognitive Reframing For Stress Management

Cognitive Reframing For Stress Management Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Reframe Situations so They Create Less Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 02, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Paul Bradbury/Getty Images When facing potential stressors, the way we view what were experiencing can exacerbate our stress â€" or minimize it. Cognitive reframing is a time-honored, psychologist-recommended method of looking at things in ways that create less stress and promote a greater sense of peace and control. If you dont already use this stress relief strategy regularly, you may want to consider it. What Is Cognitive Reframing? Reframing is a way of changing the way you look at something and, thus, changing your experience of it. It can turn a stressful event into either major trauma or a challenge to be bravely overcome. Or, it can depict a really bad day as a mildly low point in overall wonderful life. Or, it can see a negative event as a learning experience. Reframing is a way that we can alter our perceptions of stressors and, thus, relieve significant amounts of stress and create a more positive life before actually making any changes in our circumstances. How Reframing Affects Stress Using reframing techniques can actually change your physical responses to stress because your bodys stress response is triggered by perceived stress, more often than actual events. If you perceive that you are threatened â€" physically or psychologically â€" by a situation, your fight-or-flight response will kick in. Your stress response can be triggered by events ranging from annoying to frightening  and can remain triggered long after the triggering event has passed, especially if youre not practicing relaxation techniques. Reframing techniques are a way of minimizing the stressors you perceive in your life, thus easing the process of relaxation. How Cognitive Reframing Is Used in Therapy How Reframing Works Using reframing techniques can be simple and easy, especially with practice. Learn About Thinking Patterns: The first step in reframing is to educate yourself about some of these negative thinking patterns that may exacerbate your stress levels. See these common cognitive distortions to see which ones, if any, may come into play in your life. Also, read about negative explanatory styles to learn the particular way that pessimists view their life experiences; since pessimists tend to experience more stress and less success than  optimists, its important to understand how they think and work to adopt a positive explanatory style instead. Educating yourself about thinking patterns and how they affect people is important for laying the groundwork for understanding and change.Notice Your Thoughts: The next step is to catch yourself when youre slipping into overly negative and stress-inducing patterns of thinking. Being aware of them is an important part of challenging and ultimately changing them. One thing you can do is just become more mindful of your thoughts, as though youre an observer. When you catch negative thinking styles, just note them at first. If you want, you can even keep a journal and start recording whats happening in your life and your thoughts surrounding these events, and then examine these thoughts through your new lens to get more practice in catching these thoughts. Another helpful practice is meditation, where you learn to quiet your mind and examine your thoughts. Once you become more of an observer, its easier to notice your thoughts rather than remaining caught up in them.Challenge Your Thoughts: As you notice your negative thoughts, an effective part of reframing involves examining the truth and accuracy (or lack thereof) of these thoughts. Are the things youre telling yourself even true? Also, what are some other ways to interpret the same set of events? Which ways of seeing things serve you better? Instead of seeing things the way you always have, challenge every negative thought, and see if you can adopt though ts that fit your situation but reflect a more positive outlook.Replace Your Thoughts With More Positive Thoughts: Have you ever been to a hospital and noticed that the nurses often ask people about their discomfort rather than their pain? Thats reframing in action. If the patient is in searing pain, the term discomfort becomes annoying and seems to reflect a disconnect in understanding, but if the pain is mild, reframing it as discomfort can actually minimize the experience of pain for many patients. This is a useful reframing trick that we can all put into practice. When youre looking at something negative, see if you can change your self talk to use less strong, less negative emotions. When youre looking at a potentially stressful situation, see if you can view it as a challenge versus a threat. Look for the gift in each situation, and see if you can see your stressors on the more positive edge of reality: see them in a way that still fits the facts of your situation, but that is less negative and more optimistic and positive. Thats the gist of reframing, and you can do it as often as youd like. Most people are surprised at what a big impact reframing can have on their experience of stressâ€"changing the way you look at your life can truly change your life. The 6 Types of Basic Emotions and Their Effect on Human Behavior

Increasing Mental Health Issues of University Students

Heading off to a university is the most exciting milestone of a student’s life since it`s a time of growth and learning but never was post-secondary education thought to have a negative influence towards these young adults. It is the time now that the students begin to face new responsibilities and challenges and learn to conquer them but unfortunately it hasn`t been going the way that it’s been expected to. The rising issue of mental health problems is climbing the ladder as more and more students are being accustomed to it. This is no longer seen as a simple issue; it’s becoming more complex as majority of the students are showing vital signs of helplessness. Obiviously the pathway from high school to a university may be a bit shaky that†¦show more content†¦Even Dr. Su-Ting Teo puts her input saying â€Å"†¦ they’re just so much less supported. In high school you have a schedule. You need to show up. In university or college, if you donâ €™t show up, nobody knows. No one is checking up on you. It’s a huge shift† (Teo, 2013). Although stress and anxiety impacts students from a variety of factors; education and university learning have caused a significant role in influencing this negative toll upon students. It is definite that students need support in every step of the way but research goes to show that the absence of guidance and lack of understanding from family and peers is strongly present which contribute to students’ downfall in their academic learning. Having support doesn’t just build confidence but puts a whole lot of power and encouragement that allows them to look toward a positive aspect of university education and make the most of it. This generation especially is in the need of having someone by their side as reports show that students are isolated and confused about their future pathway more than ever before. But actually it has just become extremely difficult for these young adults to connect with their loved ones; the understanding between them is slowly or has faded away. â€Å"When parentsShow MoreRelatedEmotional And Psychological Mental Health Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesOver recent years’, emotional and psychological mental-health has bec ome the biggest issue facing college students, today, because of increasing self-induced pressure, which, is causing more college students to experience frustration in athletics, suicide, failing grades, and more. â€Å"In October 2015, 69.2% of 2015 high school graduates were enrolled in colleges or universities† (â€Å"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics†). This large percentage of incoming new freshman have to learn and adapt to college lifeRead MoreEssay Issues That Modern College Students Face936 Words   |  4 PagesCollege students are thrust into a new academic world only to be met by seemingly insurmountable troubles. The strains of everyday life added to the unique dilemmas associated with higher education unfortunately snowballs into overwhelming difficulties. Students attending universities are frequently financially unstable and often prone to depression. These stressful issues affect many college pupils—outwardly the majority. However, their complications are not forgotten; helpful options are abundantRead MoreAmerican University Students Struggle With Mental Health1536 Words   |  7 Pages Many American university students struggle with mental health. Colle ges and universities have a unique responsibility to care for the young adults living on campus. Throughout the last decade, universities have changed their mindset to limit their legal liability in almost every instance, often removing agency from students and instilling a lack of trust. In prioritizing trust among students, professors, and university administration, the stigma that surrounds mental health can dissipate, whichRead MoreIn Prioritizing Trust Among Students, Professors, And University1594 Words   |  7 Pagestrust among students, professors, and university administration, the stigma that surrounds mental health can dissipate, which allows students to take charge of their health without worrying about their academic standing. Because the stakes for treating mentally-ill students continue to increase, university choice to value liability management over student health remains short-sighted and ineffective. The mentality of liability management – the idea that colleges and universities should limitRead MoreThe Life of Univeristy Students1694 Words   |  7 Pagesoff to a university is the most exciting milestone of a student’s life since it`s a time of growth and learning but never was post-secondary education thought to have a negative influence towards these young adults. It is the time now that the students begin to face new responsibilities and challenges and learn to conquer them but unfortunately it hasn`t been going the way that it’s been expected to. The rising issue of mental health problems is climbing the ladder as more and more students are beingRead MoreEssay921 Words   |  4 PagesCanadian post-secondary education has resulted in drawbacks in the system, which lea ves education unsatisfactory for students because of the fees. Subsequently, the tuition fee is growing uncontrollably and without the growth of the funding, the issue of the increasing student debts has left many students starving. Also, there is an increasing number of mental health issues among students annually. Although many people argue that trying to solve these problems require a lot of financial support, ignoringRead MoreDepression Amongst College Students 1037 Words   |  5 Pagesam writing to you today because our colleges and universities across the country are faced with a major problem. The number of depressed students is increasing. These students are not able to get the help they deserve, and more importantly need. These institutions are not properly equipped to handle this problem adequately. Out of 8,500 students that participated in the study, only 22% of them received minimally adequate care, defined as â€Å"at least two months of antidepressant use plus at l east threeRead MoreThe Social And Physical Environment Of College Students831 Words   |  4 Pagesessays. Students spend copious amount of time on these tasks because they are ready and excited for their future. These young academics may be choosing an institution based on its research programs, athletics or study abroad opportunities. However, most of these students do not considered how this radical change in their social and physical environment can make an impact on their mental health. According to the National Alliance on Mental Health (2012) â€Å"More than 40 percent of college students haveRead MoreSuicide Among Adolescents And College Students1649 Words   |  7 PagesSuicide among adolescents and college students has become a major problem in the United States. In the last few years there has been a steady increase in the number of suicides on college campuses in the United States. In the United States suicide is the third leading cause of death among persons aged 15-24 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). A study conducted by the University of Virginia suggests that more college students die as a result of suicide than alcohol abuse (TurnerRead MoreMental Health Issues And Levels Of Participation1725 Words   |  7 PagesLiving in a state of positive, stable mental health benefits individuals in all areas of life. Attaining a positive state of mental health seems simple enough, but can be difficult when juggling many different responsi bilities and leading a busy life. As the modern world becomes more and more reliant on technology, and an increasing number of occupations require employees to sit at a desk for long hours, there is a need to remedy the stress that is associated with these â€Å"desk jobs.† This report addresses

The Key to Successful Creative Essay Topics

The Key to Successful Creative Essay Topics So How About Creative Essay Topics? It's possible to order any sort of paper written by a professional writer on the internet platform and push your skills to be a strong writer yourself. Writing a good creative essay demands a great deal of skill, talent, and diligence. The biggest issue with writing a creative essay is that it's not a completely free writing exercise in which you discuss whatever comes to your mind. Polish your bit of writing to ensure it is perfect. Ask anyone who's into grammar great to look at your paper too. Academic papers cannot contain any signals of plagiarism. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. No writer can write an ideal draft at the same time. Facts, Fiction and Creative Essay Topics Good creative essays give students an opportunity to express their opinion in a secure atmosphere. Think of the experience tha t you wish to write about. My focus is the way to earn money for a college student from home fast. There are a great deal of stressed out college students out there that are looking for. Things You Won't Like About Creative Essay Topics and Things You Will The most important idea can become your title too. So it's necessary to know that you're employing the appropriate words to deliver the message. Moreover, writing such papers can help you understand and sometimes resolve your feelings. A metaphor is a sort of analogy, therefore the similarities with creative writing are strong here. The History of Creative Essay Topics Refuted As soon as it is great in the event the topic gestates out of your own head, it's always alright to have a peek at a number of the sample thoughts and topics. After you have chosen the subject, make sure you have sufficient original ideas about the subject. You can't begin working before you decide on your topic. Selecting a topic is a vital issu e that partly estimates final success of the job. Any less is too weak and the thesis will be not able to stand alone. Naturally, you can select any topic, nobody could possibly know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. Thus, there's no preview about the goal of your study. Today, you can request professional aid and hire a specialist who's ready to enhance your draft, offer you higher excellent essay edit service, or even finish your creative essay for your benefit. For creative writing essays, you must find something more than merely a huge interest in your topic. Writing and essay prompts are a good learning tool that will help you concentrate on a specific subject or topic and practice writing on such topic utilizing good sentence structure and development. In fact, your capability to compose a well-structured article is something which gains more weight in conditions of evaluation. What is Actually Happening with Creative Essay Topics College application essay topics are a vital portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. There are different procedures to enhance your essay. There are other methods to improve essays. Therefore, you can choose whether to construct your essay's paragraphs around a story or pick some other writing platform that gives you the ability to expand on your creativity. Write an expository essay in which you explain the use of the 3 distinct narrators and their various stories. Use helpful strategies and hints on how best to compose a creative essay to earn your stories interesting and earn high grades. One of the very first lessons that each and every student has learned is the best way to compose a creative essay. If you're looking for college essay examples, here's a great one below. Creative writing essays are all about a distinctive genre that differs from other academic papers and demands a distinctive set of important skills to be successful. If you don't think that you have sufficient ideas about how to proceed with the essay, it's sensible to drop the topic straight out. Categories, essay topics could possibly be divided into. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to attain in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. When you are attempting to write an intriguing essay, you will have to make sure find a creative topic to write about. Describe in a few of words what you're going to do in your paper. If you really need to compose a great creative essay that's going to impress others, then you have to be sure you're following the correct actions. From time to time, it's helpful to try to remember an event which happens regularly like a birthday party. For example, you could discuss a day at your favourite cafe or coffee shop.

Why Should Rich Countries Help Poor Countries Free Essays

If Arab people have the right to go back in time to the life before the Arab Spring, will they use this opportunity? The Arab takes the action of the revolutions to get liberated from the repressive regimes, corruption, and so on. Human who born free should die with freedom? It is the norm to the countries that get through political transformations to have decline in their values and disciplines The Arab spring as it made quantum leap for Arab countries; it also has negative effects in the economy, political, and social life. First, The economy is something substantial for any country, so the Arab countries were complained about their economy before and tried to amend it. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Should Rich Countries Help Poor Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, their economy gets the worst stage after the revolutions. The stock market crashed led to draining billions of dollars according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2012). High unemployment rate is another significant crises. Most of the companies closed, which means workers, lost their jobs. For example, Egypt recorded a high volume of unemployment in the fourth quarter of 2011 to 12. 4% . The unstable situation forced the foreign investor to leave the country that led to shrinking in the foreign investments. The lack of investments made a huge shortage in the foreign currency. Second, the people in the effected countries by what called Arab spring are living in verities of unsolved political problems. The strife between the political parties to take the power is the major issue. Each party of the conflict is trying to show his strength, so when a problem get closed to be solved by one party the other one ruined it to deform the reputation of the first one. Moreover, Security plays an essential roll in the society. No one can live in a place that can’t be trusted. The insecure country creates a better environment for the terrorism. The growing of the activities of al-Qaeda and jihadist movements in the Arab Spring countries is because the existence of appropriate ground. This proper environment for al-Qaeda initiated because of the loose of security especially after the revolution. To illustrate, al-Qaeda are expanding in Yemen, Libya, and Tunis, which are Arab spring countries that is going through lawlessness. Third, loose of the principles and values in the social life caused by the Protests. After the Arab spring Families coming apart are one of the major social issues. A lot of families got separated because of the contradictory political concepts. For instance, a famous family in Yemen, one of the effected countries, got in a big conflict. One of the uncle join to the revolution against the government while his brother were with the government side, so they have fought each other. They split the family in two sides. Strife between tribes is another significant social issue. Neural tribe is taking place in most of the Arab countries. One of the tribe’s norms is to show their respect and pleasure to others. A member of any tribe will fight for his tribe whether it is in the right side or the wrong side because these are their principles and values. This seems to a good discipline, but after what just occurred, almost all their traditions have been modified. Thus, many tribes initiated a negative treatment among each other. The social life is facing a very big issue which the conflict between the sunned and the Shia to take the control. Sectarian violence and/or sectarian strife are violence inspired by sectarianism, that is, between different sects of one particular mode of religion within a society. Religious segregation often plays a role in sectarian violence. Sauna And Shia is the perfect example of that kind of conflicts. How to cite Why Should Rich Countries Help Poor Countries, Papers

Lam Ang free essay sample

Biag ni Lam-Ang story is about a boy who was very extraordinary. He started to talk at a very young age and he is the one who choose his name. The characters in the story were of course Lam-Ang the magical one and his love interest the beautiful Ines Kannoyan. His father named Don Juan who goes to the Igorots Tribe to punish those people. And his loving mother named Namongan who deny that his son is powerful and gifted. The rest is sumarang his rival and sarindang the one who tried to seduce him. The story was all happened somewhere in Valley of Naguilian River in La Union. The adventure began when Lam-Ang started to search for his father who went in a battle but never came back. When he reached the place he was enraged by what he sees his father’s head was on the top of the bamboo. We will write a custom essay sample on Lam Ang or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Upon returning home, he passed a river named Amburayan River. When he dips his body in the water the fishes died because of his dirt. Upon reaching his home he decided to court his love interest Ines Kannoyan the daughter of the richest man in Kalanutian. On his way to Kalanutian he met his rival sumarang they quarreled but Lam-Ang won the heart of Ines because he amazed all the people by his magical pets. After sometime the headman reminded Lam-Ang about their tradition that he had to catch the giant fish called Berkakan. Unfortunately, Lam-Ang was swallowed by the shark and died. But with help of his magical pets Lam-Ang resurrect again. The story was magical and interesting. Magical in a part where his pets take some actions and something will happen. Story was interesting because there are some parts in the story that was impossible to happen in real life.

Freedom Road Essays

Freedom Road Essays Freedom Road Essay Freedom Road Essay 1. Gideon is afraid to go to Charleston because he is a â€Å"nigger†. He feels as though he is illiterate and not very smart he would not fit in. He would not want to go â€Å"to city full of white houses†¦ full of white folks making fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 16-17). To help him overcome that fear Brother Peter tells him they â€Å"need a leader† (p 17). Because of how strong Gideon is physically and mentally he was chosen to represent them. 2. To Brother Peter Gideon is a young man. Since he is a younger man he can learn more than he can;†Just fill you up, like bucket drawing water from the well. (p 19) He can show the white people that he is not ignorant. But Gideon felt as though they would just laugh at him â€Å"and mock this nigger† (p 19). Once Brother Peter told him â€Å"take that dollar and buy a book,† Gideon felt as though that he could go to the Convention and make a change. 3. Abner Lait was a tenant of the Carwell’s. He regar ded the â€Å"world suspiciously and uncertainly. † (p 32) He had a hard time growing his crops and when he had a good one Carwell took it. Abner Lait spent time in a Yankee prisoner camp after the battles with Carwell’s regiment. (p 32) Abner was a white man that hated black people in formal way. . I believe that Gideon was correct. Because he is black doesn’t not mean that he doesn’t know what to do with the money earned from the Convention. (p 85) And being black in the legislation and having an education was important but hard. (p 86) And he didn’t want to be remembered as the slave of the owner, so he decided to take a different last name. 6. I think that Fast wants us to perceive that Carwell has not changed. Even though Gideon has become a wiser man the people at Carwell are still the same. (p 99) The man that drove Gideon twenty miles to Carwell didn’t know about the Convention (p. 8) meaning that the Convention had an effect on ever yone else on society except for the people in Carwell. The same little events that have been happening have occurred just like any other time (p 98). 7. When Trooper daughter gets raped it makes Trooper retaliate in a bad way. He decided that killing the white men that raped his daughter would make her feel better. But Gideon told him that he will get himself hung and the time he spent at the swamp would have been unnecessary. (p 114) Gideon says, â€Å"evil bad things/ fade out slowly/ a nigger is lynched, a poor†¦ girl is mistreated/ they fade out slowly. (p 115) What he is trying to say is that the white people won’t remember how they got mistreated. Their future counts on them making the right decision. They would have created a new life (p 114) for themselves while working in the swamp and saving their money. I do agree with Gideon, because if Trooper would have retaliated against the two white men he would have ended his life. And would’ve been just another event that would fade away. And his life would be over and he would not be able to have a better life. 8. Isaac Went was a man that didn’t judge you based on your race. He treated you just as he would treat another man. While talking to Gideon he yelled and lost his temper as one man to another (p 134). Isaac believed that Gideon was just a man (p 134) and was just like any other average American. When Brown was sitting in the same seat that Gideon was sitting in, Issac Went, although he was atheist, believed that John Brown could make the people believe that they could fight with the help of the Lord (p 135). Mr. Went valued the power they had. He wanted the blacks to hold on to the fact that they weren’t in slavery anymore. â€Å"We got the power, and we mean to hold onto it. † 9. : Emery believed that Gideon had a fantastic scheme (p 137), but was placing money in a staggering land venture (p 137). He didn’t want to invest in a unknown quantity and quality (p 137). He felt as thought that if Went would invest in this he would be wasting his money (p 140). But Emery gave his companionship to Went when he invested fifteen thousand dollars (p 140). 10. While in Scotland Jeff worked with white people. He was the only black person in the county (p 174) so he did make a difference. The white people wanted to know all about Jeff (p 174 but they was scared. Their â€Å"fears and suspicions were basic things (p 174).

Learn the History of Ice Hockey

Learn the History of Ice Hockey The origin of ice hockey is unknown; however, ice hockey probably evolved from the game of field hockey that has been played in Northern Europe for centuries. The rules of modern ice hockey were devised by Canadian James Creighton. In 1875, the first game of ice hockey with Creightons rules was played in Montreal, Canada.  This  first organized indoor game  was played at Victoria Skating Rink  between two nine-player teams, including  James Creighton  and several other  McGill University  students. Instead of a ball or bung, the game featured a flat circular piece of wood. The  McGill University Hockey Club, the first ice hockey club, was founded in 1877  (followed by the  Quebec Bulldogs  named Quebec Hockey Club and organized in 1878 and the  Montreal Victorias, organized in 1881). In 1880, the number of players per side went from nine to seven.  The number of teams grew, enough so that the first world championship of ice hockey was held at Montreals annual Winter Carnival  in 1883. The McGill team won the tournament and was awarded the Carnival Cup.  The game was divided into 30-minute halves. The positions were now named:  left and right wing,  center,  rover,  point and cover-point, and  goaltender. In 1886, the teams competing at the Winter Carnival organized the  Amateur Hockey Association of Canada  (AHAC) and played a season comprising challenges to the existing champion. Stanley Cup Origins In 1888, the  Governor-General of Canada,  Lord Stanley of Preston  (his sons and daughter enjoyed hockey), first attended the Montreal Winter Carnival tournament and was impressed with the game. In 1892, he saw that there was no recognition for the best team in Canada, so he purchased a silver bowl for use as a trophy. The Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup (which later became known as the  Stanley Cup) was first awarded in  1893  to the  Montreal Hockey Club, champions of the AHAC; it continues to be awarded annually to the  National Hockey Leagues championship team.  Stanleys son Arthur helped organize the  Ontario Hockey Association, and Stanleys daughter  Isobel  was one of the first women to play ice hockey. Todays Sport Today, ice hockey is an Olympic sport and the most popular team sport played on ice. Ice hockey is played with two opposing teams wearing ice skates. Unless there is a penalty, each team only has six players on the ice rink at a time. The puck is a vulcanized rubber disk. The aim of the game is to knock the hockey puck into the opposing teams net. The net is guarded by a special player called the goalie. The first artificial ice rink (mechanically-refrigerated) was built in 1876, at Chelsea, London, England, and was named the Glaciarium. It was built near the Kings Road in London by John Gamgee. Today, modern ice rinks are kept clean and smooth by the use of a machine called the Zamboni. Fibreglass Canada worked with Canadiens Goalie Jaques Plante to develop the first-ever hockey goalie mask in 1960.

Aseptic Techniques & Cell Counting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aseptic Techniques & Cell Counting - Essay Example flame loops, put slides in jars of Lysol or Chloros, put pipettes in their proper receptacles, and discard cultures into their appropriate autoclave buckets. Several different methods are used for sterilization and some of which we will use today. The maintenance of sterility requires the use of Aseptic Technique. The object of this is to prevent any form of contact between the sterile growth medium (e.g. petri dish containing nutrient agar) or the pure culture and any source of contaminating organisms. The new student should be aware that it is very easy to sterilize a pipette or bacteriological loop and then to place it on the non-sterile bench whilst picking up something else. Sources of contamination include: Any non-sterile surface, liquids, or air. Air is a very important contamination source because of; free-floating fungal or bacterial spores, liquid droplets, dust particles, dried skin scales, all of which may contain bacteria and/or fungi. Good aseptic technique is crucial for work in microbiology, microbial genetics, or biotechnology. Flaming using a Bunsen Burner is the classic method for rapid sterilization of bacteriological loops, glass pipette and bottle or flask necks. Flaming needs to be done for several seconds, long enough to raise the temperature well above 100 oC. Bottle necks should be rotated in the flame for 5 sec. or so to achieve this. For all basic techniques in microbiology and for today’s exercise in liquid transfer and inoculation, manual dexterity in removing screw-on lids is important. The most reliable technique is to use the little finger to unscrew and hold lids and plugs, leaving the other fingers free to hold loops or pipettes etc. The operator (i.e. you!) is the most likely source of small particles floating in the air and landing on your work. Breathing, coughing, sneezing and talking may all lead to some production of air-borne particles (aerosols) but more importantly respiratory secretions and saliva

California Racial Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

California Racial Stereotypes - Essay Example He believes this is an important topic to pull up and write about as it is increasingly emerging in the modern world of sociology and culture. The author picks up a very smooth pace to start his topic as he describes the thoughts and writings of some literary writers about the racism and how it has emerged in the societies. His approach makes his writing an interesting piece of work to start with and understands the exact issue. However, he generalizes his point to the facts that racism of all kinds represents the same feelings of the groups against another group. He represents his views followed by a number of references to generalize the concept of racism in the societies, after which he focuses on his point of view on which he based his article. The author also explains how he believes racism to become a problem when it starts to exist within the groups, and starts to cause troubles between those groups or the individuals themselves. His keen concepts about racism and the links th at he created within the issues give this article a boost that would make it an immense influence on the readers that can relate. The author has used the theories relating to the racism against the blacks and the Chinese, and created a certain sense of interaction between them that has engaged the reader in his views. The author questions on how the attitudes of anti-blacks remains persistent in comparison to the attitudes of the anti-Chinese. The author presents his research on the views of how people can tend to change their attitudes towards one racist group and keep their attitudes static towards the other racist group. Thus, the author keeps his questions beyond his beliefs that all types of racisms are not identical and they are judged by their historical perspectives. The author has characterized the different types of attitudes that are associated with the Chinese and blacks racial categories. The analysis of the author describes many points of views that include the politic al, social, literary, and the nationalistic sources that have impacted the racism in the nineteenth and twentieth century. However, the best part about this piece of writing is that it isn’t a biased opinion. The author also includes many other sources from his study which include the stories form the racial neutralists. It represents the other views about the psychological characteristics that group people into certain clusters according to their skin colour, head-shape etc. The author describes how the recent studies about racism have only influenced upon the cultural and biological components as though they are inseparable. The author does not get his answer through these ideas. However, the author writes about the change in attitudes of the white Californians towards the blacks and the Chinese during the nineteenth century according to the theories of cultural and biological components but gets no further conclusion. Thus, he gives weight to the questions relating to the historical implications of the different attitudes. With a description of the history of Californian conflicts and racial problems, the author represents many of the viewpoints that he has collected. He performs research over many of the evidence showing the historic status of the blacks, nature and popularity of these groups and many other supporting historic events. The link to the historic events has made the argument stronger and much more precise through which

Technological Development In Sport Competition Sport Essay

Technological Development In Sport Competition Sport Essay Technological development is becoming more and more essential in sport competition. Technological development refers to the development of techniques or appliance which can improve the quality and magnificence of the sport competitions. However, there could be some difference between different countries; it may depend on the level of the countries development. There are three main aspects revealing that technological development has revolutionized sport competitions. Firstly, the development of telecommunications promotes the globalization of sport competition. Secondly, the use of electronic appliance helps to reduce controversy and ensure the fairness of the results in the competition, such as auto-timing system. Moreover, the improvement sport equipments and analyzing system has become necessary for enhancing the performance of athletes. One of the most dramatic revolutions in sport completion is caused by the developments in new technologies of mass communication, especially the development of Internet and satellite television, which are allowing the sport competitions to be publicized around the world much more quickly. As an example, mega-events such as the Olympic Games can be regarded as a media-events (D. Rowe, 2004, 166). According to Roche, the 1936 Berlin Olympics was the first Olympic Games to be radio broadcast to the world; and it was also the first major sport event to be televised, although it was only available in the city of Berlin at that time due to the limited local cable system. Nowadays, the universality of the Internet and television are most effective to the globalization of the sports competition, however, turning the sport competition into global event. Referring to the television, Horne and Manzenreiter indicate that the estimation of 3.9 billion television audiences had watched parts of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and 40 billion which are cumulative television audiences, contributing to a increase of 27% over the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Moreover, Horne and Manzenreiter also indicate the   2002 FIFA World Cup staged in Japan and South Korea, 41000 hours of programming were provided in 213 countries and about 28.8 television audiences of this event, even more than that in Olympic Games. From this situation, there is no doubt that the development of telecommunication provides a much larger stage for the sport competitions, and makes the sport competition become a global history. In the sport competitions, the quality of the athletes is the most important factor in determining their performance. Analysing the movements of athletes could be the effective method to increase the possibilities of championship in the sport competitions; for instance, analyzing the movement or posture of an ice-skate athlete could help the athlete to maximize the speed and overcome the shortcomings. However, the details of the movements cannot be easily seen because the unassisted eye functions at the speed of 1/340th of a second exposure time; fortunately, the

Teacher Motivation and Its Effect on the Academic Achievement

Fall 2011 Gender differences on Intrinsic Motivation in Hong Kong Higher Education Hon Keung Yau Man Shan Kan City University of Hong Kong Alison Lai Fong Cheng Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate if there are different levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity and external regulation among males and females. This study focuses are attained by conducting a survey (137 students) among a local university in Hong Kong. Results show that among all students, no matter males or females, their levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity and external are the same.Burger, Dahlgren, and MacDonald (2006) found that male have higher intrinsic motivation to gamble when compared with female. Another study shows that masculine students have higher intrinsic motivation than feminine students when responding to competition (Conti, Collins, & Picariello, 2001). However, when talking about intrinsic motivation to study, will the result of comparing males and f emales still be the same? Most Hong Kong people spend more than twenty years to learn as much knowledge as they can to get high academic qualifications.Among all students, there is a question of how students can gain more than others when learning in the same learning environment, and whether either one gender has higher intrinsic motivation towards learning. Motivation is an essential element to directly affect students’ learning and performances. Some students may feel that they are not active but under obligation to learn. It is due to lack of motivation in learning, which would not result in good performance. According to Olsson (2008, p. 7), motivation is a reason or set or reasons for engaging in a specific activity, especially human behavior.The reasons can be basic needs, an object or a goal. Self-determination theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan (1985, 1991) is currently the most comprehensive theories of motivation with empirical support. According to SDT, intrinsic motiv ation is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather than for some separable consequence (Xie, Debacker, & Ferguson, 2006). It is the degree to which an individual chooses to accomplish an activity for pleasure and enjoyment (Olsson, 2008, p. 2). e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 3 Fall 2011 This type of motivation is known as the most optimal kind of motivation as being entirely autonomous (Noel, Clement, & Pelletier, 2001; Remedios, & Lieberman, 2008; Gao, 2008). Students with intrinsic motivation complete tasks for fun or challenge instead of external stimuli, pressures, or rewards. They often have more interest, confidence and excitement in doing the task. According to Brophy (2010), intrinsic motivation emphasizes on motivation as selfdetermination of goals and self-regulation of actions rather than motivation as response to felt pressures.In view of this emphasis of intrinsic motivation, this project tries to i nvestigate different aspects affecting students’ learning so that their self-regulation of actions can be improved and learn without pressure. With this improvement, their academic performance can be enhanced at the same time. As few studies have focus of gender difference on intrinsic motivation for Hong Kong students, this study conducted in a local university in Hong Kong tries to investigate if either one gender possesses higher level of intrinsic motivation.According to Narayanan, Rajasekaran, and Iyyappan (2007), females have higher intrinsic motivation in learning English than males among engineering university students. Meanwhile, another research by Shang (1998), it was found that females have lower intrinsic motivation in physical education classes than males. A study by Schatt in 2011 focusing on subject of music found that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spent on practice correlated significantly w ith intrinsic motivational beliefs.It raises a question whether females possess higher intrinsic motivation, which is investigated in this paper. In view that Ning and Downing (2010) have conducted a research study among 581 university students in Hong Kong and found that student motivation is the strongest predictor to their academic performance while few attempts to investigate more specific factors such as curiosity and external regulation that whether they affect intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong, the relationship between these factors and intrinsic motivation are deeply investigated so as to improve student intrinsic motivation.Also, whether males or females would have higher level of intrinsic motivation is also studied. These serve as the purpose of this paper. We attempt to fill the research gap by asking the following research questions: 64 e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 (1) Is there any difference in the level of intrinsic motivation towards learning between males and females for Hong Kong university students? (2) Is there any difference in the level of curiosity between males and females for Hong Kong university students? 3) Is there any difference in the level of external regulation between males and females for Hong Kong university students? These questions are answered by conducting a quantitative survey among a local university in Hong Kong. The result indicates that there is no difference in the level of curiosity, external regulation or intrinsic motivation towards learning between males and females. The result implies that students, no matter males or females, their likeliness to be motivated to work tend to be the same.Theory Background and Hypothesis Gender affects the skills or traits people find fascinating or personally relevant (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 2003). It implies that different genders tend to have different perception and thoughts. Different gender may t hus be destined to have different level of intrinsic motivation. In this fast-paced society, people need to have high competitiveness, wide range of knowledge and high capabilities in order to achieve eminent performance. Students having good academic performance were found to have higher intrinsic motivation.In this research, the focus is to find out if there is any difference regarding the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation between males and females. Students in a local Hong Kong university are the targeted group. Differences in Gender Most of the previous researches are apt to suggest that female have higher motivation and more desirable learning than male students. Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan (2007) found that female university students studying Engineering or Technology have higher motivation in learning English than males.It was concluded that female students studying learn English better than male students (Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyapp an, 2007). Further to the explanation provided by Narayanan, Rajasekaran, and Iyyappan (2007), female have better listening skills, more concerned with input, i. e. listening, and tend to have better attitudes towards learning. Contrarily, male are less sensitive, more concerned with output, i. e. talking, and think in a more analytical way than female.These may be reasons explaining e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 65 Fall 2011 why females perform better in learning. It should be noted that the above research is for university students learning English. There is a research focusing on another subject, music, conducted by Schatt (2011). The study showed that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spent on practice correlated significantly with intrinsic motivational beliefs.Motivational beliefs are guides of students’ thinking, feelings and actions in learning some subject areas and they can lead to success in learning (Boekaerts, 2002; Clayton, Blumberg & Auld, 2010). Another research focusing on subject of physical education, the result is different. One study by Shang (1998) in Taiwan focusing on physical education classes in high and also junior high school, it was found that female students have lower intrinsic motivation which is relevant to their interest or enjoyment and perceived competence than male students in most of the sub-scale of the study, but have higher effort put into the learning tasks.It not only proves that learning environment is different for male and female students, but it also emphasizes that males perceive the learning environment as more challenging and competitive while females perceive higher threat than males in physical education classes (Shang, 1998). From several researchers investigating the levels of intrinsic motivation of students on different subjects, it resulted in different genders having higher intrinsic motivati on towards various subjects. Therefore, it should not have any conclusion saying that a particular gender is inclined to have higher motivation on all subjects.Based on the above evidence, the study hypothesized: Hypothesis 1 (H1): There should have no difference between males and females on the level of intrinsic motivation. Curiosity Curiosity is defined as the intrinsic desire to know, to see, or to experience that motivates information seeking behavior (Zelick, 2007, p. 147). Acquiring knowledge out of curiosity is considered to be intrinsically rewarding and highly pleasurable since it eliminates states of ignorance and uncertainty (Litman, 2005). There are not so many literature reviews regarding gender difference in the level of curiosity.In a previous study, it was found that males possess higher level of curiosity than females. This study was conducted among Israeli college students while there is no significant e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 66 Fall 2011 difference for the level of curiosity among American college student (Ben-Zur, & Zeidner, 1988). According to another study by Engelhard and Monsaas (1988), it shows that no significant gender difference was found among the urban elementary school students.It was also discovered by Sanders, Driscoll, Dixon, Pendergrass and Scales (2004) that there is no significant gender difference among middle school students either. From the above evidence, it is believed that there should be no gender difference in the level of curiosity among the Hong Kong university students. As a result of the literature review elaborated above, the second hypothesis was: Hypothesis 2 (H2): Both genders possess equal level of curiosity. External Regulation External regulation is the most pressured and controlled type of motivation (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009; Olsson, 2008, p. 47). Externally regulated students study for avoiding punishment, to obtain rewards or to meet external expectations (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009; Xie, Debacker, & Ferguson, 2006; Olsson, 2008, p. 147). They feel that they are obliged to study. With the external pressured contingencies, they are mentally pushed to put effort into their studies. It is also indicated by Bowman (2007) that rewards and incentives provided by teachers can be used as tools to motivate students in their learning and achieve their goals.For the wording of external to describe the external regulation, its source can still be internal. For instance, students can push themselves by studying with feelings of guilt, shame and anxiety. It can also be positive feelings of pride and ego enhancement. When students are externally regulated through some internal sources, this type of external regulation is labeled to be introjected regulation. Another research by Olsson (2008) stated that externally regulated people carry out internalization and integration of their behavior. It will form introjected regulation.He also agreed that their behavior is related to or enforced by the expectations of self-approval or avoiding guilt and anxiety. This type of behavior has external locus of causality. With the internalization and integration of behavior becoming more advanced, it will shift to identified regulation and people will have perception of internal locus of causality. There is limited literature reviews regarding the gender difference on the level of external e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 67 Fall 2011 regulation.One study by Agina, Kommers, Steehouder (2011) discovered that gender has no effect on the level of external regulation one possesses. That means there is no particular gender possessing higher level of external regulation. Another study by Balaguer, Castillo and Duda (2007) focusing on sport motivation found that female athletes have lower level of external regulation. Since the latter one pertains to lea rning and doing sport while the former one pertains to the targeted students’ external regulation in learning, it is believed that there is no gender difference in the level of external regulation among Hong Kong university students.Based on the above evidence, the third proposed hypothesis was: Hypothesis 3 (H3): Both genders possess equal level of external regulation. In this study, three elements were analyzed. They are curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. Their levels within both genders are investigated. Hong Kong Learning Environment and Education System Students in Hong Kong need to study with intense academic competition owing to the commercialization of education and rapid expansion of tertiary education (Gao, 2008).Although the increased number of universities may ease the academic competition for higher education places. The number of unemployed university graduate is also increased. Students in Hong Kong learn in a highly competitive, examinati on oriented and large classes with excessive amount of homework (Moneta & Siu, 2002). Moreover, English is widely regularly promoted to be essential for individuals’ social and career development (Gao, 2008; Davison & Lai, 2007). English is the medium of instruction among all universities in Hong Kong.These are the characteristics of Hong Kong education system, which tends to requires students remembering all knowledge and apply all the knowledge on the paper for the examination. Hong Kong Students may always have surface learning that they will engage in the shortcuts allowed in some courses and attain till the end without deeper understanding (Moneta, & Siu, 2002). There are eight universities in Hong Kong governed by the University Grants Council (UGC), which has an international membership.UGC has been assigned to ensure all standards and maintain the independence of Hong Kong universities after the handover to China (Kember & Leung, 2011). All universities were founded w hile Hong Kong was a British colony. They e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 68 Fall 2011 are consistent with UK standards and practices. Also, owing to the importance of globalization and student exchange among the education, some top Hong Kong universities have been highly international in the outlook and can be compared with any other good universities in other countries.For Hong Kong education system, most university students are Chinese and aged from 18 to 22. Positive Relationship between Intrinsic motivation and Academic Performance According to a study conducted by Ning and Downing (2010) in Hong Kong focusing on investigating the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic performance among university students, it was found that the relationship is positive. Also, another research by Afzal, Ali, Khan, and Hamid (2010) among 342 university students in Pakistan generates the same findings that intrinsic motivation can promote mor e optimal learning and better academic performance.In view of these result, intrinsic motivation should be promoted for the sake of student academic performance. Research Methods Survey research among university students is used in this study to test the hypotheses stated above since questionnaire as an instrument for studying research problems is a survey tool for collecting data from people about themselves such as attitudes, thoughts, behaviors; or concerning a social unit such as a school (Lanthier, 2002; Siniscalco, & Auriat, 2005). The research was completed in three universities in Hong Kong.Before the survey is mass produced and used to gather real data, pilot study was carried out to disclose problems and refine the wording, ordering, etc (Litwin, 1995; Hoinville, Jowell & Associates, 1978). Ten of my friends are asked to complete the questionnaires and give feedback independently about the questionnaires. The survey was then conducted by distributing questionnaires with co vering letter explaining the purpose of the research to the university students individually. The questionnaire was averagely completed within 10 minutes.Subsequently, 200 questionnaires were given out to undergraduates from various universities in Hong Kong. A total of 137 responses (with a return rate of 68. 5 per cent) were achieved, and the usability rate was 100 per cent since no incomplete questionnaires were found. There are nine statements (Table 1) for three variables: curiosity (Mot_3, Mot_5, Mot_6, e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 69 Fall 2011 Mot_7 and Mot_8), external regulation (Mot_1 and Mot_2) and intrinsic motivation (Motivator_3 and Motivator_4).Those statements were taken from three questionnaires from three journals (Albrecht, Haapanen, Hall, & Mantonya, 2009; Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009; Lepper, Corpus, & Iyengar, 2005). 4-point Likert-type scale which is common rating format especially for educatio nal survey research was assigned to all statements (Siniscalco, & Auriat, 2005; Allen, & Seaman, 2007). Removing mid-point category from Likert scale can reduce social desirability bias arising from respondents (Garland, 1991). Statements in questionnaire were ranked at (1) Very True, (2) Sort of True, (3) Not Very True and (4) Not At All True.Table 1. Statements for Three Variables Variables Curiosity Statements Mot_3 – I work hard in some courses because this represents a meaning choice for me. Mot_5 – I work hard in some courses because I think I can apply what I learn to my future career. Mot_6 – I work hard in some courses because I want to learn new things. Mot_7 – I work hard in some courses because good results in school can help me get a better career. Mot_8 – I work hard in some courses because this is an important life goal for me. Mot_1 – I work hard in some courses because that’s what others (parents, friends, etc. expect me to do. Mot_2 – I work hard in some courses because that’s what others (parents, friends, etc. ) force me to do. Motivator_3 – I work harder when I like the teacher. Motivator_4 – I work harder when the subject is interesting and useful. Data Analysis The purpose of this study is to test the gender difference on level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. SPSS Version 17 is used to analyze the data in this study. This is sophisticated software for many scientists and other professionals to analyze statistics.Data analysis including frequency distribution is used to analyze the personal data of respondents. After that, mean and standard deviation are used to study the perception of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation different genders possess. Independente-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 70 External Regulation Intrinsic Motivation Fall 2011 samples t test is then used to test all three hypotheses to see if there is any difference between males and females on the level of the three elements.Before the analysis, the collected data was examined to ensure that it is valid and reliable. It involves checking the usability and the validity of the responses on the questionnaires collected. Subsequently, reliability analysis using Cronbach alpha, which is a measure of internal consistency about how close elements are related to each other, is carried out to test the reliability of the variables (Nunnally, 1978; Prater and Ghosh, 2006). The test means the freedom from random error (Alreck, & Settle, 1985). The Cronbach alpha values (Table 2) of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation are 0. 57, 0. 622 and 0. 685 respectively. A value of 0. 60 is also used as the practical lower bound (Narasimhan & Jayaram, 1998). Therefore, reliability figures in this study, which exceed the value of 0. 60, can be perceived as acceptable. This study can be conside red as reliable. Apart from reliability testing, factor analysis was also utilized to establish construct validity. Results of factor analysis can be used to ensure that questionnaire used in this study is valid (Field, 2005). Factor loading is used to analyze the validity of measurement scales with general value of acceptance as 0. 0 (Anderson, & Gerbing, 1998; Fornell, & Larcker, 1981). The variable of curiosity includes five items. A factor analysis for those items was conducted for the five items. Factor loadings ranged from 0. 542 to 0. 783. The variable of external regulation includes two items. Factor loadings are 0. 852 for both items in the factor analysis. The variable of intrinsic motivation includes two items. Both factor loadings are 0. 872. All values of factor loadings in the questionnaire are greater than 0. 3. Hence, this scale is retained.As a result, it can be concluded that the measurement scale is valid and reliable. Table 2. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Cronba ch Alphas of Three Variables Items Curiosity External Regulation Intrinsic Motivation Note: n = 137 Mean 2. 0569 2. 8139 2. 0255 Standard Deviation . 51732 . 62722 . 61334 Cronbach alpha 0. 757 0. 622 0. 685 71 Findings The demographic statistics of the respondents were analyzed. Table 3 shows the background e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 of totally 137 respondents, in which 65. % are males. 99. 3% are between 21 and 25 years old. All of them are studying Engineering in a local university in Hong Kong. More than half of them are year 2 university students. With 56. 9% promote to university through Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS), it indicated that they have been studying and encountering different level of motivation in learning for at least 18 years for education system in Hong Kong. Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of Personal Data of Respondents Minimu Std. N m Maximum Deviation 13 1. 00 2. 0 . 47648 7 Cumulat ive Frequency Percent 72 Gender Male Female Age Below 21 Between 21 and 25 Above 25 Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Promotion JUPAS NON-JUPAS 90 47 13 7 1. 00 3. 00 . 50523 55 81 1 13 7 1. 00 5. 00 . 61495 14 79 44 13 7 1. 00 2. 00 . 49699 78 59 65. 7 100 40. 1 99. 3 100 10. 2 67. 9 100 56. 9 100 Valid N (listwise) 13 7 All respondents completed a questionnaire asking their reasons of study in terms of whether they perceive the specific statement as â€Å"Very True† (1), â€Å"Sort of True† (2), â€Å"Not Very True† (3) or â€Å"Not at all True† (4).The reasons in the questionnaire pertain to the three variables (curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation) investigated in this study. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 Mean and standard deviation were used to examine the level of their perception of the variables. The values of mean, standard deviation and Cronbach alpha are shown in Table II. Results sh ow that university students have slight perception towards having curiosity and intrinsic motivation, but not external regulation. It is indicated by the mean score of 2. 569 for curiosity, 2. 8139 for external regulation and 2. 0255 for intrinsic motivation. Independent sample t-test was used subsequently to test if there is any different in the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation between males and females. H1: This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of intrinsic motivation between males and females was supported since the t value is 0. 498 and the significant value is 0. 620, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 05508, it shows no significant difference between both genders.H2: This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of curiosity between males and females was supported since the t value is -0. 112 and the significant value is 0. 911, which is high er than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 01050, it shows no significant difference between both genders. H3: This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of external regulation between males and females was supported since the t value is 1. 222 and the significant value is 0. 224, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 3771, it shows no significant difference between both genders. To conclude, all three hypotheses are supported via the above results. It shows that both genders possess equal level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. Discussion and Implications Results indicate that the levels of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation for university students in Hong Kong are nearly the same among different genders. It can be interpreted by the same education environment for both genders. Students in Hong Kong receive education under the same educational systems and approaches among different genders.Therefore, it contributes to both genders having the same level of characteristics affecting their learning and also intrinsic motivation. Moreover, there is a part of university students in Hong Kong, no matter males or females, studying subjects that they are not interested in owing to the emphasis of education e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 73 Fall 2011 qualification for students’ future careers in Hong Kong society. As a consequence, the education they are receiving cannot make a difference of various perspectives affecting learning on different genders.That is why there is no difference for males and females on the three factors that is supposed to students’ learning. Difference on Level of Intrinsic Motivation between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan (2007) concluded that female students studying Engineering or Technology learn E nglish better than male students. Meanwhile, from a research of Shang (1998) in Taiwan focusing on physical education classes, it was found that female have lower intrinsic motivation than males but with higher effort put into the learning tasks.Another research conducting by Schatt (2011) focusing on subject of music found that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spent on practice correlated significantly with intrinsic motivational beliefs. Therefore, it should not have any conclusion saying that a particular gender is inclined to have higher motivation on all subjects since university students always involves studying English, Chinese culture and their major altogether.The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of intrinsic motivation support the hypothesis 1 (H1). Difference on Level of Curiosity between Males and Females Supported by several researche rs with this result, Engelhard and Monsaas (1988) concluded that there is no significant gender difference on the level of curiosity among urban elementary school students. Moreover, same study outcome was resulted in a study by Ben-Zur and Zeidner (1988) focusing on American college students.Therefore, there should be no significant gender difference on the level of curiosity among university students in Hong Kong. The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of curiosity support the hypothesis 2 (H2). Difference on Level of External Regulation between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Agina, Kommers, Steehouder (2011) found that gender has no effect on the level of external regulation one possesses.Although Balaguer, Castillo and Duda (2007) focusing on sport motivation found that female athletes have lower e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 74 Fal l 2011 level of external regulation, this study concentrated on students’ sport motivation and the study of 2011 as mentioned pertains to students’ learning. As a consequence, there should be no significant gender difference on the level of external regulation among university students in Hong Kong.The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of external regulation support the hypothesis 3 (H3). Implication for Practice The implication for practice in this study is to let universities identify if one of the genders possess higher level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation so as to bring the awareness of universities and students about their ways of teaching and it offers more information for lecturers and professors to implement different practical methods to improve students’ learning performance.Furthermore, this study can let universities know if they need to focus on one pa rticular gender when teaching due to the different level of learning characteristics or intrinsic motivation. It can help schools develop deeper understanding among students. Limitations and future opportunities There are mainly two limitations in this project. Firstly, the sample size of some subgroups is not even. The sample size of males is 90 while that of females is 47. The significant level may be influenced owing to unbalanced distribution of sample size.Also, the investigated school is only one local university in Hong Kong, the survey result may not be representative to the general situations of university students in Hong Kong. The second limitation of this study is that the sample size is not large. Less than 200 samples were collected. It may make the survey result not representative enough to show the general learning environment for university students in Hong Kong. Apart from the limitations, there are several future research opportunities from this study.The first is to extend this current study to a larger sample size among Hong Kong university students to get a more representative result. Secondly, since there is limited literature review investigating the gender difference in curiosity, external regulation and also intrinsic motivation, which is what this project focuses e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 75 Fall 2011 on, it is suggested to apply this type of research to similar research study in primary schools, secondary schools, overseas schools, or among students studying associate degree in Hong Kong.The result may be different. This research study also lacks deep investigation. This study is empirical that involves only quantitative research. The survey was conducted in form of questionnaires and without faceto-face interview. The focus of the investigations in this study is on the existence of the relationships. Further research can be done concentrating on deeply investigating why there is no signi ficant gender difference on the level of intrinsic motivation, external regulation and curiosity. Thereby, all these can be a further research for future development of education.Conclusion Throughout the study, there is investigation of the existence of gender difference on the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation among the targeted group of university students in Hong Kong. This study was conducted in a local university in Hong Kong. The survey result supports all three hypotheses defined in this research study. It shows that there is no significant gender difference on the level of intrinsic motivation, curiosity and external regulation (H1, H2 and H3 respectively). References Afzal, H. , Ali, I. , Khan, M. A. , & Hamid, K. (2010).A Study of University Students’ Motivation and Its Relationship with Their Academic Performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 80-88. Agina, A. M. , Kommers, P. A. M. , Steehouder, M. M. (2011 ). The effect of nonhuman’s versus human’s external regulation on children’s speech use, manifested self-regulation, and satisfaction during learning tasks. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1129-1142. Albrecht, E. , Haapanen, R. , Hall, E. , & Mantonya, M. (2009). Improving secondary school students’ achievement using intrinsic motivation. Unpublished master’s thesis, Saint Xavier University: Chicago, IL. Alreck, P.L. , Settle, R. B. (1985). The Survey Research Handbook. San Diego: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 76 Fall 2011 77 Allen, I. E. , Seaman, C. A. (2007). Likert Scales and Data Analyses. Quality Progress, 40(7), 64-65. Anderson, J. C. , & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411 – 423. Balaguer, I. , Castillo, I. , & Duda, J. L. (2007). Propiedades psicometricas de la escala de motivacion deportiva en deportistas Espanoles. Revista Mexicana de Psicologia, 24(2), 197207.Ben-Zur, H. , Zeidner, M. (1988). Sex Differences in Anxiety, Curiosity, and Anger: A CrossCultural Study. Sex Roles, 19(5), 335-347. Boekaerts, M. (2002). Motivation to learn. Educational Practices Series-10, The International Academy of Education. , & The International Bureau of Education: France. Brophy, J. (2010). Motivating Students to Learn. New York: Routledge. Clayton, K. , Blumberg, F. , & Auld, D. P. (2010). The relationship between motivation, learning strategies and choice of environment whether traditional or including an online component. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(3), 349-364.Davison, C. , & Lai, W. (2007). Competing identities, common issues: Teaching (in) Putonghua. Language Policy, 6, 119–134. Deci, E. L. , & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press: New York. Deci, E. L. , & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed. ), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 36, pp. 237-288). University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln. Engelhard, G. , Monsaas, J. A. (1988). Grade Level, Gender, and School-Related Curiosity in Urban Elementary Schools, Journal of Educational Research, 82(1), 22-26.Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed. ). Sage: London. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 Fornell, C. , & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing research, 15, 282-388. Gao, X. (2008). Shifting motivational discourses among mainland Chinese students in an English medium tertiary institution in Hong Kong: a longitudinal Inquiry. Studies in Higher Education, 33(5), 599–614. Garland, R. (1991). The Mid-Point on a Rating Scale: Is it Desirable?.Marketing Bu lletin, 2, 66-70. Hoinville, G. , Jowell, R. , & Associates (1978). Survey Research Practice. Heinemann Educational Books: London. Kember, D. , & Leung, D. Y. P. (2011). Disciplinary Differences in Student Ratings of Teaching Quality. Research in Higher Education, 52(3), 278-299. Lanthier, E. (2002). Psychology Research Methods. Retrieved from http://www. nvcc. edu/home/elanthier/methods/index. htm Lepper, M. R. , Corpus, J. H. , & Iyengar, S. S. (2005). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations in the Classroom: Age Differences and Academic Correlates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 184-196.Litman, J. A. (2005). Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: Wanting and liking new information. Cognition and emotion, 19(6), 793-814. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. Sage Publications, Inc. : California. Moneta, G. B. , & Siu, C. M. Y. (2002). 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An Analysis of the Relationships between Goal Perspectives, Perceived Learning Environment, and Intrinsic Motivation by Skill Levels and Gender in Adolescent Boys a nd Girls in Taiwan, Republic of China.Applied Image Inc. : New York. Siniscalco, M. T. , & Auriat, N. (2005). Questionnaire design. Quantitative research methods in educational planning. International Institute for Educational Planning/UNESCO: Paris. Vansteenkiste, M. , Sierens, E. , Soenens, B. , Luyckx, K. , & Lens, W. (2009). Motivational Profiles From a Self-Determination Perspective: The Quality of Motivation Matters. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 671-688. Vansteenkiste, M. , Zhou, M. , Lens, W. , & Soenens, B. (2005).Experiences of Autonomy and Control Among Chinese Learners: Vitalizing or Immobilizing?. Journal of Educational e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 79 Fall 2011 Psychology, 97(3), 468–483. Xie, K. , Debacker, T. K. , & Ferguson, C. (2006). Extending the Traditional Classroom through Online Discussion: The Role of Student Motivation. J. Educational Computing Research, 34(1), 67-89. Zelick, P. R. (2007). Issues in The Psychology of Motivation. Nova Science Publishers: New York. 80 e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2

Essay on A History of the World in 6 Glasses - 899 Words

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